The Portrayal of the Relationship Between the Sexes in the...

The Portrayal of the Relationship Between the Sexes in the Short Stories of Chopin and Hardy In Desiree’s Baby, Desiree is a young woman who had just has a baby with her husband Armand. I realized that Desiree was a young mother as ‘it seemed but yesterday that Desiree was little more than baby herself. Desiree must be a fair young looking mother as Chopin describes Desiree to be a beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere. When Armand, a rich wealthy slave owner falls in love with Desiree, Chopin uses a simile to show how violent and powerful his love is for Desiree as if struck by a pistol shot. His love is violent and powerful because it is being compared with a gun. Nobody in reality†¦show more content†¦Hardy indicates that Randolph is becoming up himself, as he is better than his mother. Therefore, Sophy feels very lonely in the house as she has no one to converse with Hardy continues the story by bringing back Sam into the view. Sophy longs for Sam and feels apologetic towards him as She had occasionally thought of him, and wondered if life in cottage with him would not have been happier lot than the life she had accepted.† Sophy feels very sorry when she compares her present life to maybe†¦ Sam and Sophy meet and talk about their childhood times in the countryside. Sam is aware of Sophys social class and addresses her as a Lady. During their meetings Sam tries not to be so friendly with Sophy, as she is upper class. He is respectful towards her. Sophy seems to relish while with Sam. She is aware of the class system and tries not to be as confident with Sam as it says Sam pulling himself up now†¦though himself too familiar†¦ A woman of pure instincts, she knew there had been nothing wrong†¦supposed it conventionally to be very wrong indeed. Both quotations indicate that Hardys intention is the

American Agriculture Needs a Free-Market System Essay

American Agriculture Needs a Free-Market System The words to the famous old children’s song â€Å"Old MacDonald Had a Farm† are due for a revision. The new lines should read â€Å"Old MacDonald had a farm . . . with a lawyer here, and an accountant there, and everywhere a new federal program and regulation.† Not quite as poetic, but definitely more appropriate. The current state of agribusiness consists of an incredibly complex mix of subsidies, price supports, and bureaucratic regulations that could confound the most knowledgeable business minds. Underlying this tangled web of rules and regulations are political battles that pit normally allied groups against each other, and bring normally adversarial groups into allegiance. One bizarre†¦show more content†¦However, by the late sixties and early seventies the percentage had climbed to 20%, and in 1987 direct payments totaled 30% of net farm income (Rapp, 1988). Now, most economists will tell you that government control of prices simply does not work. Artificially high prices provide an incentive for an efficient producer to undercut the price to grab a larger share of the market. This wasn’t the only problem. Besides trying to control the power of the free market, the government faced another uncontrollable force: the weather. Agriculture, being entirely dependent on the whims of Mother Nature, and therefore an industry where accurate forecasts of production are nearly impossible, is not suited to long-range price-fixing schemes. Thus, the 1950s saw the abandonment of price-supports and the introduction of income supports. Early in the twentieth century, our leaders believed that the vitality of our agri-cultural base was vital to our national interest, and as the most abundant country in the world there was no reason to expect that we would lose that vitality. But the Great Depression changed that perception. Since the depression, it has been the continuing policy of the government, Republican and Democratic administrations alike, to support theShow MoreRelatedWto As An International Institution1561 Words   |  7 Pagesfor developing economies in some reasons. First, as the weaker part in organizations, developing countries benefited from unilateral trade actions of United States and Europe. Second, WTO help developing countries to advance agriculture liberalization. As we know that agriculture is the most important thing for developing economies to raise its economy and reach more gain from trade. Third, the new open sectors in specific sectors like tourism also help developing countries t o create more job opportunitiesRead MoreFree Vs. Fair Trade844 Words   |  4 PagesFree vs. Fair Trade Trade opens up a whole new playing field of economic benefits and international relationships, and greatly impacts the marketplace. 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Human Resource Management in Business Essay Example For Students

Human Resource Management in Business Essay Running Head: Human Resource Management in Business Essay Human Resource Management in Business Sylvan R. Wilcox Warner Southern College Abstract Human Resource Management (HRM) is no longer a personnel office that is simply a record-keeping and maintenance function. Huselid (1995) points out that there is a positive correlation that has developed between HRM as a strategic ally and company performance. HRM research has grown from an atheoretical origin to view organizational activities from an interdisciplinary perspective (Jennings, 1994) that is concerned with a movement toward methodological and theoretical development (Ferris Judge, 1991). This review will look at the different ways HRM plays into the overall scheme of providing an organization with a more sustainable competitive edge. Table of Contents Introduction..4 Background..4 Strategic Human Resource Management.6 Multicultural Knowledge Transfer. .8 HRM in the Public Sector9 Conclusion.11 References..13 Human Resource Management in Business The fast paced area of HRM as seen many new developments in the science and practice of the field over its roughly 80-year history (Ferris et al., 1999). One of the earlier developments in HRM research that still has significance today was, at the time, a theoretical foundation that challenged researchers to design measures to assess the relationship between individual personalities and company personalities (Gilmer, 1960). This field of inquiry led to the research that has come to be known as strategic human resource management (SHRM), a field that attempts to align HRM functions and activities with the strategic goals of the organization (Butler, Ferris, Napier, 1991). Another aspect of this review takes a look at HRM from an international perspective. This viewpoint acknowledges the importance of the global economy, as well as emphasizes the value of the Human Resource (HR) activities that address cross-cultural concerns (Napier, Tibau, Janssens, Pilenzo, 1995). Lastly, the political perspective of HRM presents an opportunity to address those features of public sector HRM practices that have become outdated by contemporary organizational standards (Soni, 2004). Background Human Resource Management is a diverse entity consisting of a variety of activities. Some of these activities include the decision about staffing needs and if hiring employees or contracting with independent sources will fill these needs, recruitment and training of employees, making sure those hired are high performers, dealing with performance and evaluation issues, and ensuring that HR practices comply with various regulations (McNamara, 1999). Additionally, McNamara (1999) points out three other activities that fall within the realm of HRMmanaging the approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records, and personnel policies. Several HRM practices may influence individual performance by providing incentives that bring out appropriate behaviors (Minbaeva et al., 2003). Such incentive systems may include performance-based compensation and the use of internal promotion systems that focus on employee merit and help employees overcome barriers to career growth (Huselid, 1995). Previous research has shown that employees are more motivated when they are informed about the organization. Sharing of information on strategy and company performance tells the employees that they are trusted. Additionally, it is important that employees are kept current on company performance so that they can use the knowledge that resides in the organization to its fullest potential (Pfeffer, 1998). And by factor-analyzing HRM practices, Huselids (1995) influential study of the impact of high performance work practices points out the importance of HRM as it relates to organizational turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Without HRM practices in place, organizations are likely to suffer in the three areas described above. The importance of HRM as a business function is exemplified in Huselids (1995) view that HRM practices influence employees skills and competencies through the acquisition and development of a businesss human capital. Because HRM is such a fast-changing study it seems appropriate here to explain the alternative terminology that is starting to make the scene. Ellasaurus Product EssayIn response to these deficiencies the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has taken steps to improve the skills of human resources professionals so that they can be prepared to take a strategic role in agency management. The OPM Director James in addressing this issue states, We are hoping to elevate the entire profession, advise agencies on the kind of training and skills that the human resources professionals need and urge every agency to have their HR professionals at the table when they are developing their strategic plans and goals for the next several years (MSPB, 2002). ConclusionThe field of Human Resource Management is an ever-changing study of activities undertaken by organizations in an effort to gain the competitive advantage over other firms. It has become clear that in truly progressive organizations in the future, HRM will not be merely viewed as a set of policies and practices, nor will it be defined as just a department or function. Instead, in such effective organizations, HRM will be a mentality or way of thinking. It will have to be an extensive entity in the organization and integral to all of its decisions and actions. Organizations will have to make the choice to expend capital in order to have the diversity offered by HRM. Smaller firms will need to incorporate some form of HRM if they hope to remain, or become, competitive with other similarly sized organizations. The public sector will have to build and maintain a strong HRM body so that declines of the past are not realized today. They must also offer something to potential recru its that will be enticing enough to draw good stock from the workforce pool. And regardless of how contemporary an organization believes they have become in the field of HRM, it would behoove them not to become lax in their diligence to stay on top of the competition. New theories and models are being tested with greater frequency in order to further the field of study and maintain, or gain, the competitive advantage. ReferencesBarney, J. 1995. Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9, 49-81. Butler, J. E., Ferris, G. R., Napier, N. K. 1991. Strategy and human resources management. Cincinnati: South-Western. Council, W.P. (2001). Managing multiculturalism: Valuing diversity in the workplace. Journal of Property Management, 66, 6, 22 (3). Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Ferris, G. R., Judge, T. A. 1991. Personnel/human resources management: A political influence perspective. Journal of Management, 17, 447-488. Retrieved November 3, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Ferris, Gerald R., Hochwarter, Wayne A., Buckley, M. Ronald, Harrell-Cook, Gloria, Frink, Dwight D. (1999). Human resources management: some new directions. Journal of Management, 25, 3, 385(3). Retrieved November 3, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Gilmer, B. V. 1960. Industrial psychology. In C. P. Stone D. W. Taylor (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, 11, 323-350. Stanford, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H., Bell, M.P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96 (12). Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Hirschman, C. (2000). For PEOs, business is still booming. HR Magazine, 45, 42-48. Huselid, M. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635-672. Retrieved November 3, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., Whitney, K. (1995). Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. In R. A. Guzzo, E. Salas, Associates (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations (pp. 204-261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Klass, B.S. (2003). Professional employer organizations and their role in small and medium enterprises: The impact of hr outsourcing. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 1, 43-61. Retrieved November 10, 2004 from H.W. Wilson database. Klass, B.S., McClendon, J., Gainey, T. (1999). HR outsourcing and its impact: The role of transaction costs. Personnel Psychology, 52, 113-136. Light, P. C. (1999). The new public service. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. McNamara, C. (1999). Human resource management. Accessed November 7, 2004, from the web site http://www.mapnp.org/library/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm. Merit System Protection Board. (2002). Making the public service work: Recommendations for change, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Minbaeva, D., Pedersen, T., Bjorkman, I., Fey, C.F., Park, H.J. (2003). MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. Journal of International Business Studies, 34, 6, 586-99. Retrieved November 7, 2004 from H.W. Wilson database. Napier, N. K., Tibau, J., Janssens, M., Pilenzo, R. C. 1995. Juggling on a high wire: The role of the international human resources manager. In G. R. Ferris, S. D. Rosen D. T. Barnum. (Eds.), Handbook of human resource management: 217-242. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation: Building profits by putting people first. Harvard Business Press: Boston. Romano, E. (1995). Opportunity in diversity. Journal of Property Management, 60, 2, 30 (6). Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Soni, V. (2004). From crisis to opportunity: Human resource challenges for the public sector in the twenty-first century. The Review of Policy Research, 21, 2, 157-178. Retrieved November 8, 2004 from H.W. Wilson database. Sundstrom, E., DeMeuse, K. P., Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45, 2, 120-133. Walker, D. M. (2000). (Statement from David Walker) Managing human capital in the 21st century. Report no. GAO/T-GGD-00-77. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. Webber, S.S. Donahue, L.M. (2001). Impact of highly and less-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 2, 141. Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database.

The Robotics And Artificial Intelligence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Can Artificial Intelligences Suffer From Mental Illness? Answer: The robotics and artificial intelligence offers the prospects of sentience, capacity of consciousness and rationality to the agents. If there is chance of these agents to have mind then there is also a potential chance for the mind to be malfunctioned, or in other word the robots and the Artificial Intelligence to suffer from mental illness. The presence of the AI psychopathology can be recognized by the philosophical aspect of the mental illness. This explains the insights of the mental disorder of any robot or human along with offering a stage to examine the psychiatric disease of biological or artificial intelligence (Ashrafian, DarziAthanasiou, 2015). The tendency of the artificial intelligence suffering for mental illness makes it vital to consider that the AI may have achieved some mental capabilities of consciousness and rationality, in the case of them being subsequently dysfunctional at times. For this kind of conditions in AI it is preferable to reciprocate some deep insigh ts into mental health and mechanism that helps to prevent these mental malfunctions. The idea of computerized reasoning has prompted the dialog of whether robots have organization. The ensuing inquiries of whether manmade brains (AIs) will show awareness, consciousness and insightfulness have all stayed questionable. In the theoretical case exhibited over, the robots could be considered to experience the ill effects of mental maladies when considered through a human demonstrative focal point, notwithstanding (i) would they be able to likewise be considered as robot dysfunctional behaviors (or would they say they are essentially a human overlay from a basic imitating impact)? (ii) Would these robots experience the ill effects of these ailments similarly as people? (iii) Considering that the AIs would not have been composed, constructed or modified to experience the ill effects of any intellectual brokenness, would such a discovering give knowledge into the theory of psychological sickness? From a functional point, the advancement of innovations that show conscious personalities as manmade brains keeps on making various forward steps (Horvitz Mulligan, 2015). It is vital to stay away from any roundabout errors, for example, cognizance prompts mental sickness and automated mental brokenness in this way prompts awareness, rather cognizance might be an express that unidirectional can bring about a subgroup of its people experiencing mental brokenness; and such brokenness can't exist without a conscious operator. In the event that we can recognize conscious AI's, at that point we therefore need to recognize any potential dysfunctional behaviors that they create (Yampolskiy, 2014).The robotics and artificial intelligence offers the prospects of sentience, capacity of consciousness and rationality to the agents. If there is chance of these agents to have mind then there is also a potential chance for the mind to be malfunctioned, or in other word the robots and the Artificial Intelligence to suffer from mental illness. The presence of the AI psychopathology can be recognized by the philosophical aspect of the mental illness. In the case depicted, the robots did not show any material changes in their physical structure or preparing examination with the goal that when considered by wary Szaszian hypothesis (Critchley2015). They can't formally be considered to experience the ill effects of dysfunctional behavior. This is on account of there was no material or basic proof for their mental brokenness with the goal that they can't experience the ill effects of a hidden sickness or pathology, rather this is apparently their decision of behavior alignment. Four ethical theories include Deontology, Utilitarianism, Rights, And Virtues: The Deontological class of moral speculations expresses those individuals should cling to their commitments and obligations when occupied with basic leadership when morals are in play. Clients generally rent AI that could help in solving the problems.. Contingent upon such sites is hazardous for the general population as it forgoes the general population developing emphatically and attempting to end up plainly effective through wrong means like lease a programmer site. In this manner, it requests for taking right activities and endeavor to take care of the issues to the Artificial intelligence and never enable any outsider to affect others' information since it is unlawful and exploitative as per deontology hypothesis. Utilitarian ethical theories are based on ones ability to predict the consequences of an action. Executing these speculations in the situation, there is have to keep the emphasis on the outcomes so as indicated by the article, every one of the customers of lease a programmer site would confront troublesome time when their names were unveiled by this site. Consequently, there is no reality that could be utilized for considering the activity performed by lease a programmer site right yet its customers additionally played out a similar thing since clearly if AI misbehaves with another person's record for its customer then it could hurt its customer's need too on the request of other customer accordingly. In this way, organization is totally in benefit however it ought to have comprehended by its customer before reaching it for performing unauthorized task because of the mental illness. In moral speculations in view of Rights, the rights set up by a general public are secured and given the most elevated need. Rights are thought to be morally right and substantial since a expansive supports them. Implementing this theory in the given scenario, there is need to perform important actions against rent an artificial intelligence so that it could not encourage to pay it for performing tasks that does not hurt any customer or employee ethically or physically, details on small issues which is not good thing and will create lots of problems in the society. The Virtue Ethical theory judges a person by someones character rather than by an action that may deviate from his/her normal behavior. Making use of a mentally ill robot or AI is against the moral and values of ethics. Employing a programmer of AI does unlawful thing along these lines, there is requirement to get taught about it that they are getting to be casualties of such sites by enabling them to destroy the information of their adversaries and life partners since lease a programmer could likewise hacking the pivotal information of its customers additionally in the event that it showed the individual subtle elements of its customer publically. Artificial intelligence or robots develops symptoms of mental illness that can be identifies by three factors: 1) does the robots have been accidently programmed to have such mental disorientation; if so then how this could be reversed by correcting the programs?, 2) If there is a presence of consciousness and free will in the robots, is it relatable for them to suffer from mental illness de-novo which is against their original coding?, 3) If the robot suffer from this illness, is it preferable to say that this could represent the initial transition to some consciousness to human like stage? Ethical theories are utilized for survey the situation from alternate point of view so critical activities against the guilty parties can be taken. Subsequently, every one of the hypotheses has diverse strategies of considering an activity decent or terrible and requires appropriate comprehension to check whether an activity is moral or not before performing it. The future has qualified for similar rights and bolster that humankind directs for those with psychological adjustment, so AI's that exhibit dysfunctional behavior ought to be manageable to the suitable treatments that others conscious society can offer them. In spite of the facts, the very conclusion of psychological sickness in that, an AI might be the course of recognizing the presence of conscious AIs (at any rate in the subgroup experiencing mental illness); its reality may likewise offer bits of knowledge into AI mind, that is working in a comparable way that humanmental infection can offer a bits of knowledge into the human cerebrum with the end goal. This AI dysfunctional behavior might have the capacity to offer chose bits of knowledge into some mind of AIs. Hence, by concluding the whole solution it is presentable that even Artificial Intelligence and Robots suffer from mental illness. References Ashrafian, H., Darzi, A., Athanasiou, T. (2015). A novel modification of the Turing test for artificial intelligence and robotics in healthcare. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 11(1), 38-43. Calvo, R. A., Dinakar, K., Picard, R., Maes, P. (2016, May). Computing in mental health. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3438-3445). ACM. Constantinou, A. C., Fenton, N., Marsh, W., Radlinski, L. (2016). From complex questionnaire and interviewing data to intelligent Bayesian network models for medical decision support. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 67, 75-93. Copeland, J. (2015). Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. John Wiley Sons. Critchley, H. (2015). The Predictive Brain: Consciousness, Decision and Embodied Action. Gilbert, P. (2016). Human nature and suffering. Routledge. Horvitz, E., Mulligan, D. (2015). Data, privacy, and the greater good. Science, 349(6245), 253-255. Poo, M. M., Du, J. L., Ip, N. Y., Xiong, Z. Q., Xu, B., Tan, T. (2016). China Brain Project: basic neuroscience, brain diseases, and brain-inspired computing. Neuron, 92(3), 591-596. Silverman, B. G., Hanrahan, N., Bharathy, G., Gordon, K., Johnson, D. (2015). A systems approach to healthcare: agent-based modeling, community mental health, and population well-being. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 63(2), 61-71. Yampolskiy, R. V. (2014). Utility function security in artificially intelligent agents. Journal of Experimental Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 26(3), 373-389.

Sub‐Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years

Table of Contents Introduction The development record Reasons for poor development Failures of the Sub Saharan Africa The Sub Saharan Africa successes Conclusion Reference List Introduction Africa is one of the continents lagging behind in all sorts of developments for a long time. As a result, it has had continuous dependence on other continents for several items. Most of the industrial commodities used in Africa are imported.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That way, it continues to enrich other continents by adding into their foreign exchange. Over the last thirty years, the Sub Saharan Africa has recorded a very poor development, making its people to continue languishing in poverty. Compared to other continents, its economic performance is comparatively poor. The development record The poor develop ment record can clearly be seen in its per capita Gross Domestic Product of the 1980s, which declined by 1.3 percent per annum coming five percentage points below the average of all income developing countries (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 64). The decline has since continued to increase from the 1980s up to now. Between 1990 and 1994, the economic growth slowed down a great deal, whereby the per capita GDP decline accelerated to 1.8 percent and with time went up to 6.2 per cent (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 64). From the 1980s, it has declined by almost 1 percent annually making the countries poorer than they were in the 1980s. That has made it the lowest income region in the whole world. Reasons for poor development Lack of social capital is one of the reasons that have led to the poor economic growth. The community and the government through institutions that facilitate private property can generate social capital (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 65). The government plays the gre atest role in determining the rate of development of a particular country. By imposing taxation on different areas of production or businesses, it only means one thing, and that is, many people who would be willing to invest in certain areas will be cut off.. There are those who may go ahead but they end up realizing very little growth. When transaction costs are high, the level of economic development will slow down. This part of Africa has greatly been affected by civil wars. With wars, little developments can take place since insecurity will make people fear to make any form of investments in the affected areas. People will fear and run for their lives to different neighboring countries and this is what has happened in this region.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That also affects the neighboring countries, as they have to put up with the increasing number of refugees fro m the affected areas. Today, most African countries are still facing wars and after the war, it takes a long time to rebuild the economy again (Crafts 1999, p. 20). Over the last three decades, there have been low levels of investments in the Sub Saharan Africa and the region is not in good capacity to import the capital goods and technology that are needed to accelerate structural change. Therefore, there is need for increase in support that the African countries get from multilateral organizations like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This is because it is not easy to attain good economic growth from other sources like the Foreign Direct Investments. The slow economic growth could also have been greatly influenced by the region’s adverse climatic conditions, which results to poor health and thus reduces life expectancy (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 8). Most parts of this region are tropical which greatly affects the economy. This is because most of the p eople are affected by tropical diseases like malaria. The disease is said to be one of the leading causes of death in the tropical region of the world and the governments of those countries have to spend a lot in trying to curb it (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 7). The harsh weather conditions result to leached soils, which are of poor quality and unreliable rainfall thus making most of the region semi arid. All that affects agricultural activities and this greatly affects the economic development of the countries that lie in this region since they mainly depend on agriculture. When they are deprived of their major economic activity, poverty ensues and with it, positive economic growth cannot be recorded. In general, Africa is also said to be the leading continent in the rate of HIV and AIDS infections. It has recorded the highest number of deaths related to the dangerous disease and as a result, the continent has lost a lot of skilled labor (Sender, 1999, p.91). People who could br ing about good economic growth perish with the disease and this greatly affects the given countries. The governments of such countries have had to spend a lot of money in taking care of the infected and the affected, for instance, they have to buy ARVs, which help to prolong the lives of the infected. Additionally, the government has the task of taking care of the orphaned children. That huge amount of finance spent in all that could have otherwise been used on development projects that could bring about positive economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the African poor people are greatly affected by economic and health related factors, natural disasters, and conflict shocks, which continue to keep them in poverty (World Bank 201, p. 2). The World Bank looks forward to enabling the African countries to provide better health care and make use of irrigation together with other water management ways to help them deal with the effects of climatic change. Global warming, which is the main cause of climatic change, has led to raised temperatures, prolonged seasons of drought and decline in rainfall. All these make it hard for Sub-Saharan African countries to sustain their agricultural activities resulting to poverty and hence poor economic growth. This part of the African continent is made up of developing countries which face are technologically challenged (Commission on Growth and Development 2008, p.3). Most of them still lag behind in innovation and the creation of new technology; they just absorb and adapt technologies that already exist elsewhere in the world. For example, African countries started using computers a few years ago long after that innovation whereas in the western world, use of computers had become the norm of the day. This means that that they have ta ken long to develop economically as progress in technology is highly important in determining economic growth. Failures of the Sub Saharan Africa Corruption is another major problem that has dragged behind Africans. For economic growth to prevail there must be openness in carrying out operations. Most African countries have however failed in fighting corruption (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 69). Africa is said to be the leading continent in the levels of the vice. Therefore, it is very hard to attain economic growth and development as embezzlement has already become deeply rooted in most African countries due to corruption. This happens when for instance money is set aside for developments such as roads construction but is not utilized for such purposes but for personal gain by corrupt leaders. This explains the reason as to why there is a very wide gap between the poor and the rich in this region. Some people are too rich because of acquiring property through the wrong means while others are too poor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As said earlier, agriculture is the main economic activity in most of the African countries as many of the people depend on it for survival. The sector is very crucial, as it is a great source of foreign exchange in the region; 70 percent of the Africans depend on it and half of all employed women are in the sector (Sender, 1999, p. 97). This shows how important the sector is to the continent but things would be better if the African governments took measures to promote the farmers. Some Africans practice cash crop farming but the efforts of such people are greatly undermined by the fact that, they are made to remit a certain amount of money as agricultural taxation (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 66). For a country to reap economic gains, it must have good infrastructure. Definitely, anything that has been produced needs to be transported to the market. For this to happen, there has to be a good transport and communication network not only in the urban centers but also deep in the r ural areas. This is where most of the African governments have failed in (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p 66). The rural areas where agricultural products come from are hardly accessible as there are no enough roads and those that are available are in very bad conditions. The situation becomes worse when it rains, as most of the roads are very rough. As a result, great losses are encountered in the transportation process of agricultural perishable goods. It is estimated that in the Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture accounts for between 30 and 55 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (Sender, 1999, p. 96). Although the rural areas of the African region may be very rich in agricultural soils that may end up not contributing the right percentage to their economic growth as most of the produce, fail to get to the required market at the appropriate time. Therefore, the people and the governments need to cooperate in order to build social interaction and that will definitely lead to economic g ains. This can be achieved through building trust, which lowers the transaction costs (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 19). There is a growing rate of unemployment in most parts of this region. The governments of the African countries have failed in provision of employment, as most of the people remain jobless. As a result, many people are not able to place food on the table and they continue to live in poverty. Research shows that by the year 1996, only 1 percent of the African population consisted of civil servants which is lower compared to other developing countries whereby 3 percent and above of the population are civil servants. Those who are lucky to get civil employment may not be so happy as well, for they receive little wages, which is not good enough to lead a comfortable life. Most of the African nations have more ethnic diversity than other poor countries in the world and this makes it more difficult for them to have or develop an interconnected economy (Collier and Gunni ng, 1999, p. 67). The governments of the Sub Saharan African countries have not done much in fighting ethnicity. People continue to term themselves different from one another and this breeds nepotism and discrimination, which causes many conflicts. People of different ethnic groups have different beliefs and ways of life. What one group does and terms as very good may not be allowed by another group. When such differences occur, cooperation is not very easy and thus developments cannot be arrived at with much ease. The Sub Saharan Africa successes Sometimes back, there was a very high rate of infant mortality in the region. Most of the deaths occurred in children under five years because of the diseases that affect them while at that age. These diseases include measles, tuberculosis, and whooping cough among others. With continued improved medical care, the number of deaths in small children has greatly been reduced as they are immunized against most of the diseases in the first yea r of their lives. The number of children who die at infancy has drastically reduced (Sender, 1999, p. 90). There have been increased medical facilities that facilitate the provision of better health care and in addition to that, there has been improved nutrition adding to the advantage. As a result, there has been increased life expectancy even in the poor countries (Crafts, 1999, p. 21). Credit should also be given to these countries for promoting literacy to its people. It is no longer the time when women were to stay at home and raise children. Fifty years ago, women in Africa were very unlikely ever to attend school and over 90 percent of the adult females were illiterate (Sender, 1999, p. 92). Most of the countries in this region have done a lot to ensure that the girl child is protected, and gets the required education. The World Bank is in the process of making sure that the economy of African countries improves (World Bank 201, p. 1). This will see majority of people access employment and hence improving their living standards. Many of the poor people live and work in the rural areas but perhaps that may change in future as more people are now migrating to the urban centers in search of better lives. This has created a pool of people who are unemployed and many ends up indulging in criminal activities and prostitution for survival. Conclusion The Sub Saharan Africa has had poor development for a long time. It is considered the last in all development records compared to other regions in the world. The region’s tropical climate, which causes tropical diseases and harsh weather for agriculture, is one of the reasons associated with its failures. To add to that, the governments of countries in this region have failed in several ways and this has led to a decline in the economic development of the region. They have failed to provide good infrastructure, fight corruption, and have not been able to scrap taxation that is imposed on different areas of investment. Though these governments have failed in one way or another, they have also had their successes. They have been able to provide better health care and education to their citizens. Reference List Collier, P., and Gunning, J. (1999). Explaining African Economic Performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 37, 64-11. Collier, P., and Gunning, J. (1999). Why has Africa grown slowly? Journal of Economic perspectives, 13, 3-22. Commission on Growth and Development. (2008). The Growth Report, Washington DC: World Bank. Web. Crafts, N. (1999). Economic growth in the twentieth century. Oxford review of economic policy, 15, 18-31. Sender, J. (1999). African’s performance: Limitations of the current consensus. Journal of Economic perspectives, 13, 89-114. World Bank. (2011). Africa’s Future, World Bank: Washington DC. Available from  http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,contentMDK:22846778~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258644,00.html This essay on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years was written and submitted by user LaNu1t to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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